Question 10. Enough to make our 1st order desire free, but is it enough to explain responsibility. It has been suggested that a compulsory denaturation of pure fissionable isotopes may be agreed uponby diluting them, after production, with suitable isotopes to make them useless for military purposes, while retaining their usefulness for power engines. As long as nuclear bombs remain scarce (i.e. In the next section I present the case for PAP(s) as a maxim for moral accountability; arguing that it is just as informative to the task of ascribing moral responsibility as PAP. The answer to this question was given above -- the compelling reason for creating this weapon with such speed was our fear that Germany had the technical skill necessary to develop such a weapon and that the German government had no moral restraints regarding its use. Between 1958-1961, he served as a doctor on the staff of renowned missionary and humanitarian Albert Schweitzer in Africa. Igniting the flicker of freedom: revisiting the Frankfurt scenario. If no efficient international agreement is achieved, the race for nuclear armaments will be on in earnest not later than the morning after our first demonstration of the existence of nuclear weapons. The Convention held no fewer than 60 votes before the delegates agreed upon the Electoral College as the method of selecting the president. 95110). In this case, there are alternate possibilities, of course, thereby making it possible for S to do other than he did; but there are no alternate possibilities that do not involve a morally repugnant outcome; meaning that S cannot engage in any action that does not result in an immoral act occurring. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? A Princeton University senior sounded off on "The Ingraham Angle" in response to his op-ed in . Mapping my twin world condition onto the Frankfurt scenario, we should understand Joness action E to be congruent across W1 and W2. (b) What conflict does this decision set up between the father and mother? I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility. Pereboom on the Frankfurt cases. Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? Voltaire supposedly kept up his prodigious output by spending up to 18 hours a day writing or dictating to secretaries, often while still in bed. But if you look at their . For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Where S engages in action E, if (a) and (b) are satisfied then S is morally responsible for E. Stating this does not negate the possibility that S could still be held morally responsible for E, however, even where (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied, should another sufficient condition (as yet unspecified) be met. Request Permissions. Amenities are spread along the highways and homes are nestled in parks and gardens and small farms, all surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes; Wright argues that 1,000 people to the hectare (2.47 acres) is looking not so far ahead. Jones is therefore morally responsible for his action (even in a world corresponding to W1) in virtue of doing what he would have done in a world where alternate possibilities exist (namely, W2). It is not necessary because, where alternate possibilities are not available (as in, a Frankfurt-style scenario akin to W1), and therefore S could not have done otherwise on a given occasion, one can still ascribe moral responsibility through an enforcement of the twin world condition. most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? What is the point of the cult-man objection? This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. a) The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states. However, it need not prevent the production of radioactive elements on a scale sufficient to revolutionize the industrial, scientific and technical use of these materials, and would thus not eliminate the main benefits which nucleonics promises to bring to mankind. Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. However, unspoken among the delegates was the knowledge that George Washington would become the first president , and they trusted him to define the office. Within ten years other countries may have nuclear bombs, each of which, weighing less than a ton, could destroy an urban area of more than ten square miles. answer choices. The superego operates both unconsciously and . The principle of alternate possibilities. Harry Frankfurt describes the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) as follows: A person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (Frankfurt 1969, p.829; emphasis added). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). The aims of this paper is to argue that, as a maxim for moral responsibility, endorsing PAP as a sufficient condition is as effective as presenting it as a necessary condition. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. To explain: despite being unable to do otherwise (and so failing to satisfy PAP(s)), if Jones (or S or whoever) is still said to be morally responsibly in virtue of his actions congruence with what his action would have been in a world with alternate possibilities (namely, W2) then this means that we are still reliant on alternate possibilities in some form to justify our moral pronouncements. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. What would have to occur in order for the twin world condition not to be satisfied? On mele and Robbs indeterministic Frankfurt-style case. The essays were aimed at convincing opponents of the US Constitution to ratify it so that it . The metaphysics of free will. In 1923, theJournalwas incorporated in the State of New York under its present name. In 2008, about ten years after Freire's death, in a special issue of the Journal of Thought dedicated to his ideas, for example, Cal State education professor A. Dee Williams has used the book . Therefore, in making suggestions for the postwar organization of nucleonics, a discussion of political problems cannot be avoided. the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country Robinson, M. (2012). Choose We do not need, therefore, to draw on any notion of a pre-decision flicker of freedom. The only reason to treat nuclear power differently from all other developments in the field of physics is the possibility of its use as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden destruction in war. ProStarSolar > Blog Classic > Uncategorized > contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. Including a soundproof, well-lit living room and a double-faade of glass to control the effects of outside temperature, Le Corbusiers habitable towers were to include at least twelve dwelling floors each and accommodate 1,000 people per hectare (2.47 acres). We have invented the machine and it should be liberating our minds and our leisure hours. The manner in which alternate possibilities are presented differs, though, within each of the sufficient conditions discussed. Reasons reactivity and incompatibilist intuitions. Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK, You can also search for this author in In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. He then sets out, using his now famous counter-example involving Jones and Black, to show that PAP is false. 231248). 7388). The interview captured many facets of Piaget's remarkable career: his roots in epistemology and natural history; his interests in the underlying processes of . British scientists know as much as we do about the basic wartime progress of nucleonics -- if not of the specific processes used in our engineering developments -- and the role which French nuclear physicists have played in the pre-war development of this field, plus their occasional contact with our Projects, will enable them to catch up rapidly, at least as far as basic scientific discoveries are concerned. Our possibilities of retaliation -- even if retaliation should be considered adequate compensation for the loss of millions of lives and destruction of our largest cities -- will be greatly handicapped because we must rely on aerial transportation of the bombs, and also because we may have to deal with an enemy whose industry and population are dispersed over a large territory. Young, G. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example. Despite such objections, educators have continued to find Pedagogy of the Oppressed relevant and to adapt its arguments to their contemporary context. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. It is able to do this without succumbing to Frankfurt-style counter-examples. Overall, Ralph Waldo claims that the true basis for self-reliance is connection between an individual and nature (which is also his inner voice) which is important for a that individuals intellectual, aesthetic, and moral health and development. Now, while PAP(s) is not necessary for the attribution of moral responsibility, it could be argued that the necessity of alternate possibilities nevertheless remains, as evidenced by the twin world condition. A. In conclusion, I aim to have shown that by positioning the principle of alternate possibilities as a sufficient condition for the ascription of moral responsibility, rather than as necessary, PAP(s) amounts to as useful a maxim as PAP for determining moral accountability. Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). If the United States were to be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race for armaments and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future control of such weapons.
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