The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Advanced Search Citation Search . }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Wubne, Mulatu. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Private . However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. "National Statistical Abstract. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Download. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. D. espite the countr. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration
The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Agriculture in Ethiopia. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Section D. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The Blue Nile River. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). "National Statistical Abstract. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Agriculture >. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. U.S. Department of Commerce
Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Agriculture. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. Agriculture. <i>Objective</i>. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. 2. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. . Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. [7] In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Source: United Nations Comtrade. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . 133 8.5.2. 2. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Wubne, Mulatu. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Cookies on OCLC websites. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Brighter Green, 6. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Overview. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. <i>Methods</i>. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States.
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