which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. 56. 37. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. 141. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. a. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? d. fear. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. 66. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. 138. a. modeling. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. d. displacement. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. b. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. b. early childhood trauma. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. c. operant conditioning. 121. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. What is learning? The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 2.2.1.3. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. b. exposure therapy. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. 16. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. 112. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. 12. Unconditioned means unlearned. 36. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. known risk and protective factors. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. 2.2.3.3. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. 140. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. a. b. repression. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. b. b. self theory. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. c. illogical thinking. 162. 15. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. b. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Figure 2.8. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Evaluating the behavioral model. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. c. Beck. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. d. transference. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. I know my grandmother used to. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. 25. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Consider your parents for a minute. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? b. psychoanalysis. d. cognition-focused. bodily sensations. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. d. self-help therapy. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. They are tied to experiences early in life. a. c. existential The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Bacterial and viral infections. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. b. d. displacement. c. psychosurgery. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. His name is If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? 2.2.3.1. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. 72. a. existential The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. 30. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? What Is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Topics - Verywell Mind When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. 2.3.4.2. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. d. self-aware. d. psychoanalytic therapy. What is it? 113. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. b. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. What about other students in the class that you know? a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. d. synapses. The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com 155. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. c. psychoanalysts. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. a. psychodynamic Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. 120. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. cognitive-behavioral. c. tertiary prevention. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. gestalt With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. c. social networks. d. past traumatic experiences. b. existential. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? But before these diagnostic categories In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). 59. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. d. catharsis. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. 26. What are some issues facing the biological model? 64. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). a. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. 61. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. Infants tend to do things that feel good. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. d. psychophysical. 156. b. working through. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. 2.2.1.4. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. 126. c. children who very seldom fight. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. If I do X, then Y will happen. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. d. psychodynamic. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. b. behavioral-focused 109. d. Bandura. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. b. genetic mutations. Figure 2.9. 13. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. c. superego. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. c. The receiving neurons fire. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Module Overview. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. 49. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. c. the conscious mind. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? 99. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. d. countertransference. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. 33. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. The final section is a c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. c. denial. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . 70. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. I'm here for you." c. operant conditioning. c. repression. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. 44. c. superego. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? b. ego. 14. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. c. resistance. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders.